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2025–2026 Iranian protests

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2025–2026 Iranian protests
Part of the protests against the Islamic Republic and the Iranian economic crisis
Date28 December 2025 – present (9 days)
Location
Multiple cities across Iran, primarily Tehran (Grand Bazaar and commercial districts), Ahvaz, Arak, Dargahan, Farsan, Fasa, Fuladshahr, Hamadan, Isfahan, Izeh, Kermanshah, Mashhad, Marlik, Najafabad, Nourabad, Qeshm, Qom, Shiraz, and others[a]
Caused byPolitical issues

Systemic/ideological issues

Economic crisis

  • High inflation (42.2% in December 2025)
  • Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial (record low ~1.45 million to 1 USD)
  • Rising food and essential goods prices
  • Water and energy scarcities
  • Economic pressures from international sanctions[b] and recent regional conflicts
Goals
  • Overthrow of the Islamic Republic[2][3]
  • End of economic mismanagement
    • Stabilisation of exchange rates
    • Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships
  • End of global sanctions on Iran
Methods
StatusOngoing
Parties
Lead figures

No centralised leadership

Number
Over tens of thousands
(estimated across cities; most protesters since 2022)
Widespread deployment
(IRGC, Basij, police, foreign militia; exact numbers unknown)
Casualties and losses
At least 31 protesters killed,
hundreds injured,[c][14]
1200 arrested;[15]
1 Mossad agent arrested (per Iran)[16]
At least one security force member killed,[17][d][e]
dozens injured[c]
See Casualties for details.
The protests began with an economic focus but have since shifted towards calling for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic.

Beginning on 28 December 2025, mass demonstrations erupted across multiple cities in Iran amid widespread dissatisfaction with the government and a deepening economic crisis. While initially sparked by frustration over skyrocketing inflation, rising food prices, and the severe depreciation of the Iranian rial, the protests quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding an end to the Islamic Republic's rule.[18] Beginning with shopkeepers and bazaar merchants in Tehran, the demonstrations soon spread to universities, drawing in large numbers of students from across the country. Demonstrators voiced anti-government slogans such as "Death to the Dictator", signalling their grievances to those in power as well as broader political demands.[19][20] The movement quickly became the largest outbreak of unrest in Iran since the 2022–2023 protests following the death of Mahsa Amini.[21][22][23]

The wave of protests was sparked by the rapidly worsening economic situation. Inflation had surged to 48.6% in October 2025 and 42.2% in December, straining household budgets.[21] By 29 December, the rial dropped to a record low of 1.45 million to the US dollar, causing sharp rises in food and essentials goods prices.[24][21] The economic crisis, which had been developing over several years, was worsened by the 2025 Twelve-Day War with Israel and renewed UN nuclear-related sanctions imposed through the snapback mechanism.[21]

Initially concentrated in Tehran's commercial districts, the protests spread to major cities such as Isfahan, Shiraz, and Mashhad.[21] In Tehran, protests centred around the Grand Bazaar, where merchants staged strikes demanding government intervention, while footage shared on social media showed security forces using tear gas to disperse demonstrators.[21] As the demonstrations grew in size, protesters in multiple cities chanted for political change, including calls for "freedom" and explicit opposition to the government.[25] Until 4 January, at least 31 protesters were killed by Iranian security forces.

Background

Economic crisis in Iran

Further information: Iranian economic crisis and 2025 Iran internal crisis

Beginning in 2024, Iran's economy saw sharp rates of inflation, devalued currency, and an energy deficit, culminating in repeated electricity and gas disruptions, and apologies from Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian. Iran had also suffered from major declines in global influence such as with the fall of the Assad regime, a major ally.[26] In the final months of 2025, Iran's economy experienced an unprecedented surge in exchange rates, a sharp depreciation of the Iranian rial with the U.S. dollar reaching approximately 145,000 tomans.[27][28] Additionally, the country's state statistics centre reported an inflation rate of 42.2% in December 2025, an increase of 1.8% compared to November.[21] Food prices rose by 72%, while health and medical goods increased by 50% year-on-year.[21] Iran is also experiencing a mismanaged water crisis.[22] Reports in Iranian media also indicated that the government planned to raise taxes with the start of the Iranian new year on 21 March, fuelling further concern among citizens.[21] Some protest messaging linked economic hardship to criticism of the government's foreign policy priorities; during the December 2025 demonstrations, some participants chanted "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran".[29] Discontent in Iran has also been alleged to have been due to political corruption, with protesters accusing the Iranian government of authoritarianism and prioritising proxies like Hezbollah and Hamas over domestic needs.[23]

Economic analysts cited government monetary and fiscal policies, economic mismanagement, chronic budget deficits, and the continuation of international sanctions as key contributing factors. These conditions directly affected trade guilds, particularly businesses dependent on imports. Severe exchange-rate volatility left many merchants unable to price goods, secure supplies, or continue economic activity.[30][31][32][24]

Economic uncertainty grew in Iran throughout 2025. In June 2025, Iran was involved in an armed conflict with Israel, during which Iran's nuclear programme was targeted, and its nuclear facilities were also struck by the United States.[33][21] In September 2025, the United Nations reimposed sanctions on Iran through the "snapback" mechanism, freezing Iranian assets abroad, halting arms transactions, and imposing penalties related to the country's ballistic missile programme.[21] Many Iranians fear a broader confrontation involving the United States, which contributed to market instability.[21]

According to The Guardian, the economic crisis was the catalyst for the protests, however they had expanded as an expression of grievances with government corruption.[18] It further reported of voices calling for the overthrow of the government, and distrust in the government's calls for dialogue, seeing them as self-serving and deceptive.[18] NPR reported that months before the protests, public anger and frustration had been mounting due to severe energy shortages, civil rights abuses and widespread corruption, and that the protests sparked concerns that they would deteriorate into something much more serious.[34]

According to the Atlantic, the political character of the protests was manifested by protesters chanting "Death to the dictator" in reference to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei,[35] and their loss of faith in Pezeshkian, who was elected in 2024 on the platform and promises of good governance, but had overseen water and electricity cuts, while failing to deliver on the promise of lifting internet censorship.[35] Pezeshkian also promised to meet with protest representatives, and recognised "the constitutional right of peaceful protest",[35] although he lacks control over Iranian security forces. By 1 January 2026, dozens of protesters had been arrested and there were several documented cases of security forces firing live ammunition at protesters, including students, pensioners, and members of Gen Z.[35] Students at Shahid Beheshti University released a statement declaring that "This criminal system has taken our future hostage for 47 years. It won't be changed with reform or with false promises".[35]

Comparison to previous protests

Further information: Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran

The protests were described as Iran's largest since 2022, when nationwide demonstrations erupted following the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini while in police custody for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly.[21] On 30 December, Ellie Borhan, a British-Iranian activist, viewed this wave of protests as stronger than previous ones.[36] Iranian public faith in their government faded since the 2022 crackdown on the Woman, Life, Freedom movement during the Mahsa Amini protests.[26] Protests were previously held in May 2025 by truck drivers beginning in Bandar Abbas, who blocked roads and ports in Iran due to discontent over low salaries, high insurance rates, and possible hikes in fuel prices in the future.[37]

Market traders were influential during the 1979 Islamic Revolution, helping to mobilise public support that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy.[21] The demonstrations were notable in the context of a large-scale government crackdown on dissidents, including arrests of prominent opponents and the highest number of executions in nearly 40 years.[33] Executions in Iran have reportedly doubled in 2025 compared to 2024; the execution trends were on the rise since 2022, with activists alleging that the Islamic Republic aims to use executions to instil fear in their population and therefore suppress internal opposition.[38]

Timeline

Geographical scope of the protests

28 December 2025

On 28 December, groups of shopkeepers and merchants at Alaeddin Shopping Centre in Tehran and other commercial centres, including Charsou Mall, went on strike by closing their shops. Simultaneously, protest gatherings formed around these locations, and images and videos of widespread shop closures circulated on social media.[31] According to reports, protesters cited the rising dollar exchange rate and market instability, warning that continued conditions would lead to the bankruptcy of many small and medium-sized businesses. Some gatherings extended into surrounding streets, including Jomhuri Street.[30][39][40] Other people had joined in with the shopkeepers to protest against economic conditions at Jomhuri Street. Elsewhere, iron traders at Iran closed their shops in similar protests of the devalued currency.[41] Around the time that the protests began, the value of the Iranian rial sunk to a record low of 1.45 million per US dollar before slightly recovering to 1.38 million.[42] The rial had lost approximately 40 percent of its value since the Iran–Israel war, in part due to the sinking of oil revenue from US sanctions. The year on year inflation rate was up at 42.2 percent. The protests were first started by shopkeepers who sold electronic goods in central Tehran who shut down their stores.[24] State media revealed blurred footage of initially smaller-scale protests from merchants.[42]

Videos and eyewitness accounts showed groups of merchants chanting slogans against economic mismanagement and, in some cases, expressing anti-government sentiments.[39] Protesters also chanted "Law Enforcement, support, support," calling on security forces to back the protests.[43] The protesters' main demands included stabilising exchange rates, addressing merchants' economic hardships, creating a predictable business environment, and preventing losses caused by market volatility.[30][39] There were no reported clashes with security forces on this day and it remained peaceful.[44]

29 December

See also: Tehran's Tank Man

The protests continued into their second day on 29 December and expanded across various parts of Tehran, including the Grand Bazaar. Merchants and shopkeepers closed their businesses and gathered in the streets to protest the unprecedented collapse of the rial and sharp increases in currency and gold prices. Protesters voiced opposition to economic conditions and government management, citing declining purchasing power and rising living costs. Videos shared online showed continued gatherings around Lalehzar, Chaharsouq, and Jomhuri Street, with participants largely non-violent while conveying critical messages toward government economic policies.[45][46][47] The merchants at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran joined the electronic goods shopkeepers who had started the protests the previous day.[24]

Footage verified by independent sources showed crowds at malls near Tehran's Grand Bazaar chanting "freedom" (Persian: آزادی, romanised: Âzâdi).[33] Law enforcement forces used tear gas to disperse demonstrators outside the Alaeddin Shopping Centre.[48] Protests also spread to other cities in Iran.[49] On the night of 29 December 2025, protests were reported in several regions across Iran, including Qeshm in the south, and Zanjan and Hamadan in the north. Demonstrators chanted slogans critical of the supreme leader, including "Death to the Dictator" on Qeshm Island and "Seyyed Ali [Khamenei] will be toppled this year" in Zanjan.[50][33] Iran International reported a video of one protester sitting in the middle of the Jomhuri Eslami Street at Tehran and refusing to move for motorbike security forces, later being beaten and forced to leave. The video went viral online, with multiple news outlets comparing the protester and event to Tank Man during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.[51][52][36][53]

30 December

By the third day of protests, strikes and security measures had expanded, with shops closing in parts of Tehran such as Shoush and Molavi, as well as in Isfahan's Naqsh-e Jahan Square. Heavy security deployments were reported in Tehran, Mashhad, and at Khajeh Nasir University. Government responses included ordering temporary closures in 11 provinces, including Tehran province, due to cold weather and energy constraints. Security forces fired on protesters in Hamadan and deployed tear gas in Tehran and Malard.[54][55]

Demonstrations spread to additional cities, including Kermanshah, Shiraz, Yazd, and parts of Tehran such as Shadabad and Shush. Students from universities including Amirkabir, Beheshti, Khajeh Nasir, Sharif, Science and Culture and Tehran Science and Technology as well as Isfahan University of Technology and Yazd University joined rallies, chanting slogans such as "Death to the dictator", "death to Khamenei", "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran", "We are all together", and "Seyyed Ali (Khamenei) will be toppled this year."[55][56][57][25][58] President Masoud Pezeshkian, called on the government to listen to citizens' demands. In response, a government spokesman said a Communication Group would be implemented.[59][60] However, Pezeshkian's comments do not appear to have appeased the protesters, whose demands go beyond just economic stability.[25] Furthermore, some Iranians have expressed scepticism in the government's ability to solving the economic problems, citing previous government statements that they are unable to much about solving the economic problems.[61] Human rights organisations and Gen Z student groups reported that 11 protesters were arrested in the Shoush Square area in Tehran and that 5 students were detained and 4 were later released.[62][63][64] Another news report published that one student was severely injured at Tehran’s Amirkabir University during a crackdown on a campus gathering by members of the Basij militia of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[62]

Videos on social media appeared to show students chanting slogans critical of the government, removing signs associated with the office of the Supreme Leader's representatives, and confronting security forces at university entrances.[62]

31 December

The people of Isfahan, Kermanshah, and Fasa gathered on the fourth day of protests. In Fasa, people held a large rally in front of the governor's office, and in Kermanshah, the markets went on a complete strike. According to reports, police fired live ammunition and tear gas, at the protesters.[65][66] At the same time, in Shirvan, working and retired teachers gathered in front of the Education Department. In Kermanshah, repressive forces have been deployed from Ferdowsi Square to the garage (about 8 kilometres), and the heavy presence of security forces is noticeable.[67] One person named Mahdi Samavati was reported to have been killed outside the governor's office protest in Fasa. The semi-official Mehr News Agency quoted the governor of Fasa as denying this report.[68] Video recordings disseminated online and distributed by the People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran depict severe confrontations between demonstrators and security forces in several cities, including Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Kermanshah.[69][better source needed]

Protester Amirhesam Khodayarifard was killed by a handgun shot to the head by an Iranian security force member in a protest in Kuhdasht, Lorestan province on 31 December.[70] The state-run IRNA news agency and Mehr confirmed the death and stated that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij.[71] Government authorities pressured Khodayarifard's family to state that he had been a Basij member and called for online social media silence on the topic.[70] The shooting occurred during clashes with protesters. According to Mehr, 13 police officers and Basij members were injured.[71][72]

The government ordered nationwide total business shutdown in most of the country due to "cold weather",[73] although some analysts say that the real intention is to stifle protests.[74] The shutdown was applied to 21 out of Iran's 31 provinces.[75]

The government began threatening to crack down on protesters,[76] and the U.S. State Department stated that they were concerned about protesters "facing intimidation, violence, and arrests."[77] Video footage records protesters like merchants, women’s rights activists, and students commonly shouting the slogans "Death to the dictator" and "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, my life for Iran".[23][78]

In response to the ongoing protests, the Iranian government appointed Abdolnasser Hemmati, a former economics minister, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Iran, following Mohammad Reza Farzin's resignation.[79]

Protesters waving the Islamic Republic flag with the government emblem removed

1 January 2026

On the fifth day of protests, workers and employees of the central fruit and vegetable market in Tehran stopped working and joined the nationwide uprising by stopping the distribution cycle. Chanting the slogan, "You know with zeal, support support", the protesters called on marketers and the general public to strengthen the national will for change by expanding the strikes. Police officers used tear gas to disperse the demonstrators.[80] According to reports, Sarira Karimi, secretary of the faculty council of the Faculty of Law and Political Science and a member of the faculty council of the University of Tehran, who had been arrested on 31 December 2025, was released on 1 January 2026.[81]

Protesters were reported to have gathered in Marvdasht and chanted slogans against the Islamic Republic government, such as "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown".[82] In Mashhad, protesters gathered at Saadi Metro Station, where riot police attempted to disperse the crowd with force.[82]

In Lorestan, home to the Lur minority, protesters were reported lighting fires in the streets while also chanting, "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". Additional reports claim officers used live ammunition against protesters.[83] In Lordegan County, gatherings took place in several parts of Lordegan City, including around the governor's office and the municipality square. According to these reports, as tensions escalated, some individuals attempted to damage government and bank buildings. Police used tear gas to disperse the crowds, and clashes were reported between the two sides. Several people were injured during the unrest, and unconfirmed reports suggested that multiple deaths had occurred.[84] At least three people, including a boy, were killed in Lordegan.[85][86] There was a heavy presence of government forces in Qom.

2 January

On 2 January, according to credible media reports, protests continued in large numbers in Tehran, Qom, Isfahan, Shiraz, Ilam, Mashhad, Karaj, Zanjan, Hamadan, and Qeshm.[87] In Zahedan and Tehran, protests became active again. Funerals for protesters killed by the security forces were held in Fuladshahr, Kuhdasht, and Marvdasht, during which participants expressed opposition to the government, including chants of "Death to Khamenei". At the Kuhdasht funeral for Khodayarifard, Basij and IRGC forces were chased away from the funeral with stones and chants. Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member.[88]

3 January

Protests on 3 January were greater in geographic spread and numbers of protesters than on previous days, and the security presence was also greater.[6] The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) named some of the locations of demonstrations, including Kazerun, Malekshahi, Kermanshah, Shiraz, Mashhad, Arkavaz, Isfahan, Tehran, Hafshejan, Karaj, Shahrekord, and Fardis. HRANA reported a cumulative count of 16 fatalities since the beginning of the protests, including one member of government security forces.[89][6] The themes of the protests, as represented by slogans chanted on 3 January, ranged from economic injustice and governance problems to calls for freedom and justice. HRANA viewed the protest aims as having evolved, with "the boundary between trade-related and everyday demands and political demands ha[ving] become blurred, and [the] ongoing protests hav[ing] taken shape on the basis of accumulated, multilayered grievances."[6]

Following statements by US President Donald Trump, where he warns Iran that if they shoot protesters, the Us will come to their rescue,[90] Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei responded on 3 January by saying "We will not yield to the enemy", and stating that the "rioters must be put in their place".[91][92] On the same day, the US State Department made a statement condemning suppression on protesters' funerals.[93]

Cloudflare reported a 35% decrease in internet traffic in Iran, with Iranian internet users reporting frequent outages and slow connections.[94]

4 January

There was a heavy presence of security forces in the main Tehran bazaar on 4 January.[95] Protests and strikes took place on 4 January in at least 20 major cities and small towns, throughout Iran.[96]

Methods

The Lion and Sun flag has become a widely used symbol of opposition to the Islamic Republic. Although its display inside Iran is strictly banned, protesters have increasingly begun waving it despite the serious risks involved.[97][98]

National strikes

Nationwide strikes were conducted by businesses, stores, cafes, and workers as well as by online shops and social media influencers.[99][100][101][102][103]

Notable slogans and symbols

During the protests, several notable slogans were chanted by demonstrators, reflecting anti-government sentiments, calls for the restoration of the monarchy, and unity among protesters. These slogans were frequently documented in videos and reports by Persian-language media outlets such as Manoto and Iran International. Many drew on historical references to the Pahlavi dynasty, while others directly targeted Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei or the Islamic Republic's leadership. Symbols associated with the protests included the Lion and Sun flag, which was waved in several demonstrations as a sign of monarchist aspirations and opposition to the government.[97][20][104]

Casualties

Main article: Deaths during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests

Summary table

Deaths of protesters and security forces
Name Date Location Side Notes Refs
Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand [fa] 31 Dec 2025 Fuladshahr, Isfahan Protester/Civilian [129]
Amirhesam Khodayarifard 31 Dec 2025 Kuhdasht, Lorestan Protester/civilian Khodayarifard killed by gunshot to head;[70] protester per Hengaw, Iran International, and his father; Basij member per IRGC-affiliated media [88][70]
Ahmad Jalil 1 Jan 2026 Lordegan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Protester/Civilian [130][131][132]
Sajjad Valamanesh 1 Jan 2026 Lordegan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Protester/Civilian [130][131][132]
Shayan Asadollahi 1 Jan 2026 Azna, Lorestan Protester/Civilian [86][133]
Vahab Mousavi 1 Jan 2026 Azna, Lorestan Protester/Civilian [86][133]
Mostafa 1 Jan 2026 Azna, Lorestan Protester/Civilian 15-year-old child killed by government forces [86][133]
Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli 1 Jan 2026 Nurabad, Lorestan Protester/Civilian [134]
Khodadad Shirvani 1 Jan 2026 Marvdasht, Fars Protester/Civilian [135]
Ahmadreza Amani 1 Jan 2026 Azna, Lorestan Protester/Civilian [136]
Mansur Mokhtari 1 Jan 2026 Marvdasht, Fars Protester/Civilian Killed during protest against the earlier killing of Khodadad Shirvani [137]
Ali Azizi Jafarabadi 2 Jan 2026 Harsin, Kermanshah Protester/Civilian [138]
Amir Hossein Bayat 2 Jan 2026 Hamadan, Hamadan Protester/Civilian [137]
Farez Aghamohammadi 3 Jan 2026 Malekshahi County, Ilam Protester/Civilian [139]
Reza Azimzadeh 3 Jan 2026 Malekshahi County, Ilam Protester/Civilian [139]
Mehdi Emamipour 3 Jan 2026 Malekshahi County, Ilam Protester/Civilian [139]
Saghar Etemadi 3 Jan 2026 Shahr-e Kord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Protester/Civilian 22-year-old female protester shot in the face by security forces and died two days later in Shahrekord Hospital [140]
Latif Karimi 3 Jan 2026 Malekshahi County, Ilam Protester/Retired brigadier-general Retired brigadier-general participating in protest and shot by security forces [141][142]
Amir Mohammad Kouhkan 3 Jan 2026 Neyriz - Fars Protester/Civilian [143]
Mohammad Moghaddasi 3 Jan 2026 Malekshahi County, Ilam Protester/Civilian [139]
Reza Moradi Abdolvand 5 January 2026 Azna, Lorestan Protester/Civilian [144][145]

Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters

31 December

See also: Killing of Amirhesam Khodayarifard

On 31 December 2025, during a protest in Fuladshahr, Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand was shot with a Kalashnikov rifle by security forces. He died before reaching medical care.[129]

While participating in a protest in Kuhdasht on 31 December, Amirhesam Khodayarifard (either 21[71] or 22[70] years old) was shot dead with a bullet to the head by a plainclothes retired IRGC agent.[146] Eyewitness testimony and video evidence showed that Khodayarifard was among the protesters.[70] Government media stated that protesters had been throwing rocks at security forces, and that Khodayarafid was killed "after" the rocks had been thrown.[147]

Governmental media, including Mehr News Agency,[71] claimed that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij. The governor of Kuhdasht, an Imam of Friday Prayer, and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members visited Khodayarifard's family. Permission for the family to access Khodayarifard's body and carry out a burial was conditioned on the family making a televised statement stating that Khodayarifard had been a member of the Basij.[70] Governmental authorities gave warnings on Telegram and Instagram forbidding the publication of information about Khodayarifard's killing.[70] As of 5 January 2026, the authorities, who were pressuring Khodayarifard's family to state that he was a Basij member, had not given the body to Khodayarifard's family, according to IranWire.[146]

1 January

Two protesters, Ahmad Jalil, 21, and Sajjad Valamanesh, 28, were killed in Lordegan on 1 January 2026. Both were shot by security forces with live ammunition and died later from their injuries.[130] [131]

On the evening of 1 January, two men and a teenage boy, Shayan Asadollahi, 30, Vahab Musavi, and Mostafa, 15, residents of Azna (in Lorestan province) were killed by gunfire from security forces.[86] The IRGC-aligned Fars News Agency stated that the protesters had either tried to attack a police station[133] or had tried to disarm the security forces.[86] Ahmadreza Amani, 28, was shot in the chest by security forces at around 18:00 IRST in Azna and died in hospital.[136]

Khodadad Shirvani, 33, a Marvdasht resident, was shot with shotgun pellets by security forces on the same evening in Marvdasht. He died after being transferred to a hospital.[135] In Nurabad (Lorestan province), Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli, 35, was lethally shot the same evening with three bullets (one to his heart) by security forces during a protest in Ba'ath Square in Nurabad. Security forces and the Imam of Friday Prayer pressured Abdoli's family to say that he was a Basij member and that he was shot by "enemy forces".[134]

2 January

On 2 January, a 42-year-old protester, Ali Azizi Jafarabadi, a Kurdish man from Harsin County was shot dead by security forces in Harsin.[138]

3 January

On 3 January, the total number of arrested protesters had increased to 132 according to Hengaw[148] or 582 according to HRANA.[6]

Iran International estimated the death count of protesters to be at least eight, the number of locations to be 113 locations in 46 cities across 22 provinces, with at least 44 people shot and wounded by live ammunition or pellet guns fired by Iranian security forces.[149][150] Four protesters were shot dead with "military-grade" weapons by IRGC members at protests in Malekshahi County in Ilam province; forty were injured and many taken to hospital.[139]

4 January

By the early morning of 4 January, Iran International reported the death toll from the protests to have risen to at least 16.[151] HRANA estimated that since the beginning of the protests there had been 990 arrests and 51 cases of injuries to protesters, mostly from pellet and plastic bullets.[96]

5 January

The total number of arrested protesters rose to 1200 on 5 January.[15]

Iranian authorities claimed to have arrested a Mossad agent partaking in the protests, with the agent allegedly confessed to being recruited, trained by, and continuing communication with Mossad, and said that Mossad handlers told him to go to people's residences, but was later instructed to move his "operations" to local marketplaces.[16]

Government forces

Government authorities repeatedly presented fatalities during the protests as members of the security forces killed by protesters, after which evidence from witnesses and family statements showed that the victim had been shot by the security forces.[141]

Government media claimed that Amirhesam Khodayarifard, killed on 31 December, was a member of the Basij.[72] Eyewitness reports and video evidence, collected by Hengaw, contradicted this claim, in particular showing that he was standing among the protesters and was killed by a shot to the head by a security forces member.[70] Initially, authorities conditioned family access to Khodayarifard's body on the family making a televised statement that he was a Basij member.[70] During the funeral, which took place on 2 January, Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member.[88]

On 3 January, Al Monitor referred to a statement by Mehr that IRGC member Latif Karimi was killed during clashes in Malekshahi County,[142] during which four protesters were killed by "military-grade" weapons by the IRGC.[139] On 4 January, eyewitnesses and other sources clarified that Karimi was present among the protesters when he was shot by IRGC members, and died in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam. Karimi was a retired brigadier-general by profession. Karimi's son stated on Telegram, "My father's only 'crime' was telling [the government security forces] not to shoot at the people."[141]

Reactions

Iranian diaspora holding a solidarity rally in Perth, Australia on 4 January 2026 against the Islamic Republic.
Main article: Reactions to the 2025–2026 Iranian protests

Reactions to the protests ranged from calls for dialogue and economic relief to warnings of force. Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said officials should talk to protesters, but added that "rioters must be put in their place".[152] As the unrest continued, President Masoud Pezeshkian announced economic measures including changes to foreign-exchange subsidies intended to shift support directly to consumers.[153] Abroad, U.S. President Donald Trump warned that the United States would intervene if Iranian authorities violently suppressed "peaceful protests".[154] The European External Action Service urged Iran's security forces to exercise restraint and called on authorities to uphold rights including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.[155] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Israel "identify with the struggle of the Iranian people" and suggested the protests could mark a turning point.[156]

Analysis

On 4 January, according to the New York Times, Iranian officials, including foreign minister Abbas Araghchi, described the government as being in a "survival mode", with difficulties in either reversing economic problems or handling the military threat of attack by the United States or Israel. Pezeshkian held two emergency meetings following the start of the protests. Some of his advisers recommended that he publicly criticise the role of Khamenei as supreme leader.[157]

In early January 2026, Israeli intelligence stated that Khamenei had an escape plan, for him and about twenty close associates and family members, including Khamenei's son Mojtaba Khamenei, ready to flee to Moscow in case security forces defected to the side of the protesters.[158]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Protests reported in at least 72 locations, including Shiraz, Isfahan, Malard, Karaj, Zahedan, Kermanshah, Tehran, Tabriz, Mashhad, Shush, Hamadan, Dargahan, Najafabad, Yazd, Gorgan, Kerman, Arak, Nurabad, Foladshahr, Urmia, Izeh, Malayer, Shahrekord, Kazeroon, Farsan, Ahvaz, Sabzevar, Fasa, Dehloran, Asadabad, Ramhormoz, Shirvan, Eslamshahr, Zanjan, Saveh, Dezful, Eslamabad-e Gharb, Kuhdasht, Marlik, Mamasani, Nahavand, Dorud, Yasuj, Aligoodarz, Khorramabad, Rasht, Jonghan, Babol, Kish Island, Lali, Baghmalek, Junaqan, Lordegan, Marvdasht, Juyabad, Bandar Ganaveh, Jahrom, Harsin, Qom, Kavar (fars province), Ilam, Azna, Vakilabad, Maali Abad, Firuzabad, Nishapur, Chaharbagh, Bandar Abbas, Robat Karim, Pardis, Esfarayen, Qazvin, Abdanan.[1]
  2. ^ Including the UN "snapback" in September 2025.
  3. ^ a b Per the Casualties section.
  4. ^ Government media claimed that Amirhesam Khodayarifard, killed on 31 December, was a Basij member and pressured the family to support the claim. Family and independent media stated that was not a Basij member. See #Government forces for details.
  5. ^ Government media claimed that Latif Karimi, killed on 3 January, was an IRGC member. Eyewitnesses and family stated that he was a protester, professionally a retired brigadier-general, shot dead by IRGC forces while protesting. See #Government forces for details.

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